Upsilon mesons, for instance, are particles made of two unusually heavy quarks, discovered at Fermilab 35 years ago. Fortunately, the high-energy collision of two nuclei creates a lot of particles that are understood from previous studies. ![]() The droplet is far too small and short-lived to poke it with any instruments, so scientists must rely on probes that are created along with it. But this quark matter exists for only a few trillionths of a trillionth of a second-how can CMS scientists learn anything about it? The molten nuclei form a new kind of fluid, one made of the random motions of quarks and gluons rather than atoms or molecules. Last week’s Physics in a Nutshell described how lead nuclei melt when they collide in the LHC. ![]() Far more Upsilon-2S and 3S particles disappear in the droplet of quark matter than Upsilon-1S, as can be seen in this plot from the CMS experiment.
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